1. 𝑀𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝐼𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑎 𝐶𝑎𝑡𝑜́𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎 𝑐𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑢𝑒𝑏𝑎𝑠 𝑏𝑖́𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑠, ℎ𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜́𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑠 𝑦 𝑎𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑜𝑙𝑜́𝑔𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑜 𝐶𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜 𝐽𝑒𝑠𝑢́𝑠, 𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑟𝑜́ 𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑝𝑜́𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑙 𝑃𝑒𝑑𝑟𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑜 𝑠𝑢 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑜 𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑎 𝑇𝑖𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑎 (𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑜 16, 17-18; 𝐿𝑢𝑐𝑎𝑠 22,32; 𝐽𝑢𝑎𝑛 21,15-17). 𝐿𝑜𝑠 𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑔𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝐽𝑒ℎ𝑜𝑣𝑎́ 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑜 𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑧𝑎𝑟𝑜𝑛 𝑎 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑇𝑎𝑧𝑎 𝑅𝑢𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑒𝑙𝑙, 𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑛̃𝑜 𝑑𝑒 1879, 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑢𝑒́𝑠 𝑑𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝐼𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑎 𝐴𝑑𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑆𝑒́𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑜 𝐷𝑖́𝑎 (𝑎𝑢𝑛𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑜 𝑛𝑜 𝑙𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑠), 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑢 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑎 𝑜𝑟𝑔𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜́𝑛 𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑑𝑎 “𝐿𝑎 𝑆𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑑 𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑉𝑖𝑔𝑖́𝑎” 𝑒𝑛 𝑃𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑠𝑦𝑙𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑎 (𝐸𝐸𝑈𝑈). (𝐸𝑙 ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑐𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑜𝑠, 𝐸𝑑 1990, 𝑃𝑎́𝑔 352). 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑠 𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜́𝑛.

 

2. 𝐿𝑜𝑠 𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑔𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝐽𝑒ℎ𝑜𝑣𝑎́ 𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑝𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑛̃𝑜 𝑑𝑒 1931, 𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑠𝑢 𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝐽𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑝ℎ 𝐹. 𝑅𝑢𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑑 𝑙𝑜 𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑜́ 𝑑𝑒 𝑢𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑎 𝐼𝑠𝑎𝑖́𝑎𝑠 (43,10.12). (𝐿𝑎 𝐴𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑎, 𝑃𝑎́𝑔 11; 1 𝑑𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑑𝑒 2000). 𝑃𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑜, 𝑙𝑎 𝐼𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑎 𝐶𝑎𝑡𝑜́𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑒

𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑢𝑒𝑏𝑙𝑜 𝑑𝑒𝑙 “𝑁𝑢𝑒𝑣𝑜 𝑃𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜”(𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑜 26,28); 𝑠𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑔𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝐶𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑑𝑜 (𝐻𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑠 1,8; 𝐴𝑝𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑠 17,6).

 

3. 𝐿𝑜𝑠 𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑔𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝐽𝑒ℎ𝑜𝑣𝑎́ 𝑛𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑙 𝑑𝑜𝑔𝑚𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑆𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖́𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑎 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑 (𝐸𝑙 ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑐𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑜𝑠, 𝑃𝑎́𝑔𝑠 356-357). 𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒, 𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑙 𝑁𝑢𝑒𝑣𝑜 𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑚𝑎 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑜𝑠 𝑒𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑑𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑠. 𝑃𝑟𝑢𝑒𝑏𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑜 𝑙𝑜 𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜́𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑎́𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝑆𝑎𝑛 𝐺𝑎𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑙 𝑎 𝑙𝑎 𝑉𝑖𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑖́𝑎 (𝐿𝑢𝑐𝑎𝑠 1,35); 𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑙 𝑏𝑎𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝐽𝑒𝑠𝑢́𝑠 𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑖́𝑜 𝐽𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑎́𝑛 (𝐿𝑢𝑐𝑎𝑠 3,21-22); 𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑎 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜́𝑛 𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑟 (𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑜 17,1-5); 𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑜 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑀𝑒𝑠𝑖́𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑟 𝑎 𝑡𝑜𝑑𝑎𝑠 𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑛𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 (𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑜 28,18-19). 𝐴𝑙 𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑎𝑙, 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑎 𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑜́𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑝𝑜́𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑙 𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑜 𝑎 𝑙𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑜: “𝐿𝑎 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑆𝑒𝑛̃𝑜𝑟 𝐽𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜, 𝑦 𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑜𝑠 𝑦 𝑙𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑜́𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝐸𝑠𝑝𝑖́𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑢 𝑆𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑒́𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑜𝑑𝑜𝑠 𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑠” (2𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑠 13,14).

 

4. 𝐿𝑜𝑠 𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑔𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝐽𝑒ℎ𝑜𝑣𝑎́ 𝑛𝑜 𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑜 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜́𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑎, 𝑦𝑎 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑎 𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑧𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝐻𝑖𝑗𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑜𝑠(𝐹𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑠 2,6-8; 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑠 1, 15; 𝐻𝑒𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑜𝑠 1,3). 𝐴𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎 ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒́𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝐶𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜 𝐽𝑒𝑠𝑢́𝑠 𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑎́𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 “𝑀𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑒𝑙”

(¡𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑑!;? 𝑄𝑢𝑖𝑒́𝑛 𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑎́𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝑀𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑒𝑙?, 𝑝𝑎́𝑔𝑠 16-17; 8 𝑑𝑒 𝑓𝑒𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑑𝑒 2002). 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑 𝑒𝑠𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑑𝑜 𝑒𝑙 “𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑢𝑒𝑙” (𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎 “𝐷𝑖𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛 𝑛𝑜𝑠𝑜𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑠”). (𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑜 1,23; 𝐼𝑠𝑎𝑖́𝑎𝑠 7,14); 𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝑎 𝑡𝑜𝑑𝑜𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑎́𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑠 (𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑠 1,16; 𝐻𝑒𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑜𝑠 1,4-5; 1𝑃𝑒𝑑𝑟𝑜 3,22); 𝑒𝑙 “𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑔𝑒́𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑜𝑠” (𝐽𝑢𝑎𝑛 3,16). 𝑀𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑒 “𝑀𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑒𝑙” 𝑒𝑠 “𝑢𝑛𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑖́𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑠” (𝐷𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑒𝑙 10,13), 𝑙𝑜 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑑𝑎 𝑎 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑛 𝑜𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑠 “𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑎́𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑠” 𝑑𝑒 𝑠𝑢 𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑜 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑜. 𝐴𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎́𝑠 𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑠 ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑑𝑜 𝑑𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑢 𝐵𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑎 𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑎 “𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑜́𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑁𝑢𝑒𝑣𝑜 𝑀𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑆𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑎𝑠 𝐸𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑠”:

𝑎. 𝐿𝑎 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑜́𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝐽𝑢𝑎𝑛: “𝐸𝑛 𝑒𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑖𝑜 𝑦𝑎 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖́𝑎 𝑙𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑟𝑎 (𝐽𝑒𝑠𝑢́𝑠); 𝑦 𝑎𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑙 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑎 𝑙𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑟𝑎 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛 𝐷𝑖𝑜𝑠 𝑦 𝑒𝑟𝑎 𝐷𝑖𝑜𝑠”. 𝑀𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑢 𝐵𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑎 𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒: “𝐸𝑛 𝑒𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑖𝑜 𝑒𝑟𝑎 𝑙𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑟𝑎…𝑦 𝑙𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑟𝑎 𝑒𝑟𝑎 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑜𝑠” ; 𝑙𝑜 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑖́𝑎 𝑎 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑞𝑢𝑒

𝐽𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑠 𝑢𝑛 “𝑑𝑖𝑜𝑠” 𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 (𝐸𝑥𝑜𝑑𝑜 20,3). 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎 c𝑜𝑛𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑜́𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑜𝑙𝑜́𝑔𝑖𝑐𝑎 𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑛: “𝐿𝑜𝑠 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑔𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝐽𝑒ℎ𝑜𝑣𝑎́ 𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝐽𝑒𝑠𝑢́𝑠 𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑒 𝑢𝑛 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑜, 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑛𝑜 𝑒𝑠 𝑢𝑛 𝐷𝑖𝑜𝑠” (𝐿𝑎 𝐴𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑎, 𝑃𝑎́𝑔 21; 1 𝑑𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑒 2002).

𝑏. 𝐷𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑣𝑜𝑧 𝑑𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑢𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑎́𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝑒𝑛 (1𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑠 4,16), 𝑒𝑠 𝑙𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑀𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑒𝑙 (𝐽𝑒𝑠𝑢́𝑠); 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑜 𝑙𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑟𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑜𝑠 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑒𝑙 “𝐻𝑖𝑗𝑜 𝑑𝑒𝑙 ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑟𝑒” (𝐶𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜 𝐽𝑒𝑠𝑢́𝑠) 𝑒𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑒𝑛 “𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑎́ 𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑠 𝑎́𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛 𝑢𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑡𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑢́𝑛𝑎 𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑠 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑑𝑜𝑠” (𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑜 24,30-31), 𝑣𝑒́𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑒́𝑛 (𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 13,26-27; 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑜 6,27;25,31; 𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑠 4,1). 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑠𝑜 𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑎 𝐵𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑎 𝑀𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑒𝑙 𝑦 𝐽𝑒𝑠𝑢́𝑠 𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖́𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑠, 𝑒𝑛 𝐽𝑢𝑑𝑎𝑠 9 𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑎́𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙 𝑛𝑜 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑖́𝑎 𝑎𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑛̃𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑜; 𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝐽𝑒𝑠𝑢́𝑠 (𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 1,25-27), 𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑒 𝑒𝑙 𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑟 𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑜 (𝐽𝑢𝑎𝑛 17,5).

 

5. 𝐿𝑜𝑠 𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑔𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝐽𝑒ℎ𝑜𝑣𝑎́ 𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑢 𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖́𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑜 “𝑈𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑎 𝑡𝑒𝑜𝑙𝑜́𝑔𝑖𝑐𝑜” 𝑒𝑛 𝐿𝑎 𝐴𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑙 1 𝑑𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑧𝑜 𝑑𝑒 1995, 𝑝𝑎́𝑔𝑠 29-31; 𝑞𝑢𝑒 “𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑧𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑛 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑛̃𝑎𝑛𝑧𝑎 𝑎𝑝𝑜́𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑏𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑖𝑛𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑙𝑚𝑎 ℎ𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑎”. 𝑃𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑡𝑟𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒, 𝑙𝑎 𝐼𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑎 𝐶𝑎𝑡𝑜́𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎 𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑠

𝑚𝑎́𝑠 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑎𝑠 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑠 𝑦 𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑛̃𝑖́𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑗𝑢𝑑𝑎𝑖́𝑠𝑚𝑜 𝑦 𝑒𝑙 𝑖𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑜; 𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑒𝑙 ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑎𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑜 𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑜 𝑎 “𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑛” 𝑦 “𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑗𝑎𝑛𝑧𝑎” 𝑑𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑜𝑠 (𝐺𝑒́𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠 1,26), 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎́ 𝑑𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑑𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎 𝑖𝑛𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑙 (𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑙𝑚𝑎) 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑢𝑒́𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑢𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒

(𝐸𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒́𝑠 12,7); 𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎 “𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑑𝑎” (𝐹𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑠 1,23) 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑒𝑠 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑢𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒, 𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑙𝑚𝑎 𝑠𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑢𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑜 (1𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑠 5,5); “𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑑𝑜𝑠 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒 𝐶𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜, 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑑𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑏𝑎 𝑙𝑜 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑙𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑎 𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑢𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑜”

(2𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑠 5,10); “𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑛 𝐶𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑜 𝑑𝑒𝑗𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑜 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑖𝑟 𝑎 𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑆𝑒𝑛̃𝑜𝑟”(2𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑠 5,8); “𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑎𝑑𝑜, 𝑠𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑠 ℎ𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑢𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑜, 𝑐𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑙𝑒𝑗𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑆𝑒𝑛̃𝑜𝑟” (2𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑠 5,6); “𝐺𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑒

𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑑𝑜, 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑑𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎 ℎ𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜́𝑛 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙” (2𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑠 5,2; 𝐻𝑒𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑜𝑠 13,14). 𝑆𝑖 𝐶𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎́ 𝑒𝑛 𝑣𝑜𝑠𝑜𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑠, 𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑢𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑜 𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎́ 𝑚𝑢𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑙 𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑑𝑜, 𝑚𝑎́𝑠 𝑒𝑙 𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑖́𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑢 𝑣𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑎 𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑎” (𝑅𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑠 8,10-11); “ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑎 𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑚𝑢𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑜𝑠 ℎ𝑎

𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑑𝑎 𝑙𝑎 𝐵𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑎 𝑁𝑢𝑒𝑣𝑎” (1𝑃𝑒𝑑𝑟𝑜 4,6); 𝑝𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑙 𝐴𝑙𝑡𝑖́𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑜 “𝑛𝑜 𝑒𝑠 𝑢𝑛 𝐷𝑖𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑚𝑢𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑜𝑠, 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑣𝑖𝑣𝑜𝑠, 𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝐸𝑙 𝑡𝑜𝑑𝑜𝑠 𝑣𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛” (𝐿𝑢𝑐𝑎𝑠 20,38); 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑜 “𝐶𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜 𝑚𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑜́ 𝑦 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑜́ 𝑎 𝑙𝑎 𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑟 𝑆𝑒𝑛̃𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑒 𝑚𝑢𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑜𝑠 𝑦 𝑣𝑖𝑣𝑜𝑠” (𝑅𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑠 14,9); 𝑦 𝑡𝑜𝑑𝑜 𝑒𝑙 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑢 𝑝𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑟

“𝑎𝑢𝑛𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑚𝑢𝑒𝑟𝑎 𝑣𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑟𝑎́” (𝐽𝑢𝑎𝑛 11,25). “𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑒𝑙 ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑒 𝑣𝑎 𝑎 𝑠𝑢 𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑” (𝐸𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒́𝑠 12,5). 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑠𝑜 , 𝑙𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑎 𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑙 ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑙 “𝑎𝑙𝑚𝑎” 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑣𝑢𝑒𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑢𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑜 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 (𝐸𝑧𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑒𝑙 37,5).

 

6. 𝐿𝑜𝑠 𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑔𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝐽𝑒ℎ𝑜𝑣𝑎́ 𝑒𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑢 𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖́𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑜 “𝐸𝑙 𝑝𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛̃𝑜 ℎ𝑎 𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑑𝑜 𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑖𝑙” 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎 𝐿𝑎 𝐴𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑎, 𝑑𝑒𝑙 1 𝑑𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑑𝑒 2000; 𝑝𝑎́𝑔 12. 𝑄𝑢𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 144000 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑑𝑜𝑠 “𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑠, 𝑗𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑛 𝐽𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜, 𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑜 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙”. 𝑀𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑛̃𝑜 1935 𝑠𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑜́ 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑠 “𝑜𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑠 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑗𝑎𝑠” 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑛 𝑎 𝑙𝑎 “𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑛 𝑚𝑢𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑟𝑒” 𝑑𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑑𝑎𝑠 𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑛𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠…𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑧𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑣𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑟 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑙 𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑖́𝑠𝑜 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒”. 𝐷𝑒 𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎, 𝑎𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑛 𝑜𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑠 𝑝𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 ℎ𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑛𝑜 𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑢𝑠

𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑛̃𝑎𝑛𝑧𝑎𝑠, 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑎́𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑓𝑎𝑧 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑎 (“𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑠 𝐺𝑜𝑧𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑠” 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝐴𝑝𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑠, 𝐿𝑎 𝐴𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑎, 𝑝𝑎́𝑔 13 𝑑𝑒𝑙 1 𝑑𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑒 1999).

𝑆𝑜𝑏𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑝𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑜, ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑑𝑜 𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑖𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑎 𝑑𝑜𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑎𝑗𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑖́𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑙𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 (7,9-14; 14,1). 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑜, 𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑒𝑥𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑠 ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑑𝑜 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑒𝑙 𝑛𝑢́𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑜 “144000” 𝑒𝑠 𝑢𝑛 𝑛𝑢́𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑏𝑜́𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑜 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑛𝑜 𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒 𝑒𝑛 𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑢́𝑛 𝑜𝑡𝑟𝑜 𝑡𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝐿𝑎𝑠 𝐸𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑠. 𝐸𝑠 𝑚𝑎́𝑠, 𝑒𝑙 𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑜 𝑆𝑒𝑛̃𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑜́𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒, 𝑛𝑜𝑠 𝑒𝑥ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑎 𝑎 𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑟 𝑞𝑢𝑒 “𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑧𝑜́𝑛 ℎ𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑎́𝑛 𝑙𝑎 𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑜 ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎”, 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙; 𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑜𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑠 “𝑏𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑠” 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑟𝑎́𝑛 𝑠𝑢 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑎 𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑜 (𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑜 5,3-12). 𝑇𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑐𝑜 𝐶𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜 𝐽𝑒𝑠𝑢́𝑠 𝑑𝑎 𝑢𝑛 𝑛𝑢́𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑖𝑟𝑎́𝑛 𝑎𝑙 “𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑠𝑢 𝑃𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑒” 𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑙 𝑗𝑢𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑛𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 (𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑜 25,31-46). 𝑌𝑎 𝑞𝑢𝑒 “𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑟𝑎́𝑛 𝑑𝑒 𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑒 𝑂𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒, 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑆𝑢𝑟, 𝑦 𝑠𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑎́𝑛 𝑎 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑒𝑠𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑜𝑠” (𝐿𝑢𝑐𝑎𝑠 13,29); “𝑚𝑢𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑟𝑎́𝑛” (𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑜 8,11); “𝑡𝑜𝑑𝑜𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑠 ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎́𝑛

𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜́𝑛 𝑑𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑜𝑠”(𝐿𝑢𝑐𝑎𝑠 3,6; 𝐼𝑠𝑎𝑖́𝑎𝑠 40,5). 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑠𝑜 𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑙 𝐴𝑝𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑠 “144000” 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑑𝑜𝑠 “ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠 ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝐷𝑖𝑜𝑠 𝑦 𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑜” (14,4). 𝑆𝑖́ 𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑎 “𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑎” 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑜 𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑠 𝑒𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑏𝑖𝑟 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜́𝑛, 𝑦 𝑎𝑢́𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑚𝑢𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑠 𝑚𝑎́𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑟 (7,9; 19,1).

𝐷𝑒𝑙 𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑜 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑜, 𝑒𝑙 “𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑖́𝑠𝑜” 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎 𝑙𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑟𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑜𝑠 𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑜 𝑒𝑙 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝐽𝑒𝑠𝑢́𝑠 𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑎 𝑐𝑟𝑢𝑧 𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑢𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑜́𝑛 (𝐿𝑢𝑐𝑎𝑠 23,42-43), 𝑦 𝑛𝑜 𝑢𝑛 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑖́𝑠𝑜 𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑎 𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑎. 𝐴𝑠𝑖́ 𝑙𝑜 𝑑𝑎 𝑎 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑝𝑜́𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑙 𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑜: “𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑐𝑜 𝑎 𝑢𝑛 ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑟𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑒𝑛 𝐶𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜 𝑦 𝑒𝑛 𝑞𝑢𝑒

ℎ𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑛̃𝑜𝑠 𝑓𝑢𝑒 𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑑𝑜 𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑜. 𝑁𝑜 𝑠𝑒́ 𝑠𝑖 𝑓𝑢𝑒 𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑑𝑜 𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑢𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑜 𝑜 𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑖́𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑢, 𝐷𝑖𝑜𝑠 𝑙𝑜 𝑠𝑎𝑏𝑒. 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑠𝑒́ 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑒𝑠𝑒 ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑒 𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑑𝑜 𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑖́𝑠𝑜”(2𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑠 12,2-4).

 

7. 𝐴𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑎 𝑙𝑎 𝐼𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑎 𝐶𝑎𝑡𝑜́𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎 𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑒́𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑜 “𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑎 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑑”, “𝐵𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑎 𝑙𝑎 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑒”, “𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑜́𝑛 𝑎𝑝𝑜́𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑎” 𝑜 “𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑜́𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑎” (𝐿𝑎 𝐴𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑎, 𝑝𝑎́𝑔𝑠 4-5; 𝑑𝑒𝑙 1 𝑑𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑒 2001; 𝐿𝑎 𝐴𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑎, 𝑝𝑎́𝑔𝑠 19-22; 𝑑𝑒𝑙 1 𝑑𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑦𝑜 𝑑𝑒 2002). 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑜 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑜́𝑛, 𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑒𝑛 𝐿𝑎 𝐴𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑙 15 𝑑𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑒 1999, 𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑎 𝑝𝑎́𝑔 18, 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑐𝑖𝑜́𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙: “𝑃𝑜𝑐𝑜 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑢𝑒́𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑢𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑝𝑜́𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠, 𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑜́ 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑎 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑖́𝑎 𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑏𝑎𝑛̃𝑜 𝑦 𝑢𝑠𝑎𝑏𝑎 𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑠. 𝐿𝑎 𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑠𝑖́𝑎 𝑠𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑜́ 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑜 𝑔𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑎. 𝐶𝑢𝑎́𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑜́ 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑜 𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑠 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑠. 𝑉𝑖𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜́𝑚𝑜 𝑢𝑛 𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑖𝑑𝑜 𝑒𝑐𝑙𝑖𝑝𝑠𝑎𝑏𝑎 𝑎 𝑙𝑎 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜́𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒́𝑛 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑙𝑎 𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜́𝑛 𝑝𝑢𝑟𝑎, 𝑦 𝑡𝑜𝑑𝑜 𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑒𝑟𝑎 ℎ𝑎𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑑𝑜 𝑢𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑙𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑑𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝐶𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑜́ 𝑙𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜́𝑛”.

𝐿𝑜 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑛𝑜 𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑔𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝐽𝑒ℎ𝑜𝑣𝑎́ 𝑒𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑒𝑙 𝑀𝑒𝑠𝑖́𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑢 𝐼𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑎, ℎ𝑎𝑏𝑖́𝑎 𝑎𝑑𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑑𝑜 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑎 “𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜́𝑛 𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑦𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑠” 𝑖𝑏𝑎𝑛 𝑎 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑟 “𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑠” 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑎́𝑛 𝑎𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑙𝑙𝑎 (1𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑠 1,10; 11,18-19; 𝐺𝑎́𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑠 1,6-9; 1𝑇𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑜 6,3-5; 𝑇𝑖𝑡𝑜 3,10-11; 1𝐽𝑢𝑎𝑛 2, 18-19); 𝑙𝑜 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑦𝑎 ℎ𝑎𝑏𝑖́𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑑𝑜 𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎́𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 “𝑐𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑛̃𝑎 𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑜” (𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑜 13,24-30), 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑒𝑛 𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑢́𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑑𝑟𝑖́𝑎 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑎(𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑜 16,18; 28,20). 𝑃𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑠 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜́𝑛 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑏𝑎𝑛̃𝑜, 𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑜 𝑛𝑜 𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑𝑎

(𝐻𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑠 20,25-30; 𝐻𝑒𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑜𝑠 13,7.17; 𝐹𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑠 1,1; 𝑇𝑖𝑡𝑜 1,5). 𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑖́𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑜́𝑛 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑜𝑠, 𝐽𝑒𝑠𝑢́𝑠 𝑦 𝑙𝑎 𝐼𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑎 “𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑜𝑑𝑜𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒” (𝐸𝑓𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑠 3,21); 𝑦 𝑛𝑜 𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑛̃𝑜 1914, 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑜 𝑙𝑜 𝑑𝑎𝑛 𝑎 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑢 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑑𝑜 “𝐶𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑙𝑎 𝑜𝑏𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎 𝑚𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑠 𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑎 𝑒𝑙 𝑓𝑖𝑛”, 𝐿𝑎 𝐴𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑎, 𝑝𝑎́𝑔𝑠 18.19; 𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑟𝑒 1 𝑑𝑒 2002.

 

8. 𝑃𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜́𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎, 𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑔𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝐽𝑒ℎ𝑜𝑣𝑎́ ℎ𝑎𝑛

𝑎𝑛𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑑𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑜𝑐𝑎 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎 𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑑𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑙 “𝐻𝑖𝑗𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑜𝑠”. 𝑅𝑢𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑜́ 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖́𝑎 𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑛̃𝑜 1874 (𝐸𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑝𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑜𝑠, 𝐸𝑑 1954, 𝑃𝑎́𝑔𝑠 239-242); 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑢𝑒́𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑜́ 𝑙𝑎 𝑓𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 1914 (𝐿𝑎 𝐴𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑎, 15 𝑑𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑑𝑒 1892). 𝑃𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑢 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒, 𝑒𝑙 𝑗𝑢𝑒𝑧 𝑅𝑢𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑑 𝑙𝑜 ℎ𝑖𝑧𝑜 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 1925 (𝑀𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑎ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑎 𝑣𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑛𝑜 𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑟𝑎́𝑛 𝑗𝑎𝑚𝑎́𝑠, 𝐸𝑑 1921, 𝑝𝑎́𝑔 88); 𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑜, 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜́ 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑖𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜́𝑛 𝑒𝑛 𝑆𝑎𝑛 𝐷𝑖𝑒𝑔𝑜 (𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑎), 𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑑𝑎 “𝑙𝑎 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑖́𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑠” 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑎́𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑜 𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜. 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑞𝑢𝑒

𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑜 𝑛𝑜 𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑜́, 𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑒 𝑒́𝑙 𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑜 𝑎 𝑣𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑖́ ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑎 𝑠𝑢 𝑚𝑢𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑑𝑎 𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑛̃𝑜 𝑑𝑒 1942. 𝑃𝑜𝑟 𝑢́𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑜, 𝑠𝑢 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑁𝑎𝑡𝑎ℎ𝑛 𝐻. 𝐾𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑟, 𝑙𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜́ 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜́𝑛 𝑎 𝑠𝑢 𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒-𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒, 𝐹𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑘 𝑊. 𝐹𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑧 (𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑔𝑜 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖́𝑎 𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒); 𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑎 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑧𝑜́ 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑛̃𝑜 1975 (𝑉𝑖𝑑𝑎 𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎 𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑎 𝑙𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠 ℎ𝑖𝑗𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑜𝑠, 𝐸𝑑 1966). 𝐻𝑜𝑦 𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑖́𝑎, 𝑛𝑜 𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑎 𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑟 𝑜𝑡𝑟𝑎 𝑓𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑟 𝑎 𝑐𝑎𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑎 𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑗𝑎𝑑𝑎, 𝑦𝑎 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑚𝑢𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑛̃𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑜:

“𝑀𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒́𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑒 𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑜𝑠, 𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑛𝑜 𝑠𝑎𝑏𝑒𝑛 𝑞𝑢𝑒́ 𝑑𝑖́𝑎 𝑣𝑎 𝑎 𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑟 𝑠𝑢 𝑆𝑒𝑛̃𝑜𝑟”

(𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑜 24,42).

𝐴𝑙𝑔𝑜 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑠𝑖́ ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑜 ℎ𝑜𝑛𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑟 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑠 𝑗𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑠 𝑚𝑎́𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑜𝑠 (𝑠𝑖𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙), 𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑜 “𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑢𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑜 𝑔𝑜𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒” 𝑜 𝑡𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑒́𝑛 “𝑒𝑙 𝑒𝑠𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑣𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙 𝑦 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑜”: “𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑠 ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑑𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑠 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑠. 𝐴𝑢𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑚𝑒𝑗𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠

𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠, 𝑝𝑢𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑒”. (𝐿𝑎 𝐴𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑎, 𝑝𝑎́𝑔 17; 1 𝑑𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑒 2002).

 

9. 𝑂𝑡𝑟𝑜 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖́𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑜 𝑒𝑠 𝑙𝑎 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜́𝑛 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑢𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝐽𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜, 𝑝𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑡𝑜𝑑𝑎𝑠 𝑠𝑢𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖́𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑢́𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑠, 𝑙𝑜 𝑚𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑑𝑜 𝑒𝑛 𝑢𝑛 “𝑚𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑜” 𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙, 𝑐𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑠 𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑒𝑧𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑗𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑑𝑎𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑢𝑛 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑜 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑣𝑜 (𝐸𝑙 ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑟𝑒 𝑚𝑎́𝑠 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑑𝑜𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑠, 𝐸𝑑 1991; 𝑝𝑎́𝑔 125). 𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒, 𝑒𝑙 𝑁𝑢𝑒𝑣𝑜 𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑛̃𝑎 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑒𝑙 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑜́ 𝑒𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝐶𝑟𝑢𝑧 (1𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑠 1,17), 𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑜 𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒 𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑜 “𝐸𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑝𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑜𝑠” 𝑝𝑎́𝑔 132; 𝑦 𝑒𝑛 𝐿𝑎 𝐴𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑙 1 𝑑𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑑𝑒 2000, 𝑝𝑎́𝑔 9;

𝑎𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑛 𝑞𝑢𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑎 “𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑎 𝑑𝑒́𝑐𝑎𝑑𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑛̃𝑜𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒, 𝑚𝑢𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑠 𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝐵𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑎 (𝑎𝑠𝑖́ 𝑠𝑒 𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑠𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠) 𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑐𝑟𝑢𝑧 𝑦 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑎”. 𝐼𝑔𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒, 𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑜 (27,37), 𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑒𝑧𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑆𝑒𝑛̃𝑜𝑟

𝑞𝑢𝑒 “𝑝𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑛 𝑢𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑟𝑜, 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑎 𝑒𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑜 𝑙𝑎 𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑠𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑎”, 𝑜 𝑡𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑒́𝑛, 𝑒𝑛 𝐽𝑢𝑎𝑛 (20,25), 𝑠𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑎 𝑑𝑒 “𝑙𝑎𝑠 ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑠” 𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑢𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑠; 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑙 𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑎𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑖́𝑎 𝑡𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑒́𝑛 𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑎 𝑙𝑎 𝑟𝑎𝑧𝑜́𝑛 𝑎 𝑙𝑎 𝐼𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑎 𝐶𝑎𝑡𝑜́𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎 𝑦 𝑎 𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎́𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑓𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑠, 𝑝𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑏𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑑𝑜 𝑒𝑛 1968 𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝐽𝑒𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑒́𝑛, 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑠 ℎ𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑢𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑑𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑜𝑠 35 𝑎𝑛̃𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑑, 𝑐𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑑𝑜 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑠 ℎ𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑢́𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑢𝑛 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑣𝑜 𝑑𝑒 18 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖́𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑠. 𝐸𝑙 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑑𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠 ℎ𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑎 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑧𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑣𝑖́𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑠 ℎ𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑠, 𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑡𝑜𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑓𝑖𝑗𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑠 𝑎 𝑙𝑎

𝑐𝑟𝑢𝑧.

 

10. 𝐸𝑛 𝑒𝑙 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑜 𝑚𝑒́𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑜 𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑔𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝐽𝑒ℎ𝑜𝑣𝑎́ ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑜 𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑠 𝑚𝑢𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑎𝑙𝑔𝑢𝑛𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑜 𝑓𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠, 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑦𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑝𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛̃𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝑖𝑛̃𝑜𝑠 ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑚𝑢𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑜 𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑜́𝑛 𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑖́𝑛𝑒𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑙𝑎 𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑎. 𝑆𝑒𝑔𝑢́𝑛 𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑠, 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑎 𝑦 𝑛𝑜 ℎ𝑎𝑦 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑢𝑠𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑢́𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜́𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑜 ℎ𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑜 (𝐿𝑎 𝐴𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑎, 𝑃𝑎́𝑔𝑠 29-31; 𝑑𝑒𝑙 15 𝑑𝑒 𝑗𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑜 𝑦 𝑑𝑒𝑙 15 𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑟𝑒, 𝑝𝑎́𝑔𝑠 30-31; 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑛̃𝑜 2000), 𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑜, 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑜ℎ𝑖𝑏𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑜́𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑑𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑠 𝑏𝑖́𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑠 (𝐿𝑒𝑣𝑖́𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑜 17,11; 𝐻𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑠 15,28-29). 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑜 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎́, 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜́𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑎 𝑛𝑜𝑠 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑙𝑜 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎 𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑟𝑒, 𝑛𝑜 𝑒𝑠 𝑙𝑜 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎 𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑢𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑜 𝑙𝑜 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝑒́𝑙 (𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑜 15,11); 𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 “𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝐽𝑒𝑠𝑢́𝑠 𝑒𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑎 𝑏𝑒𝑏𝑖𝑑𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜́𝑛 𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎”(𝐽𝑢𝑎𝑛 6,54-55). “𝐶𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑢𝑠𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑙𝑎 𝑙𝑒𝑦 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖́𝑎 𝑒𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑠 𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑠” (𝐸𝑓𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑠 2,15); 𝑐𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑙 𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑎 “𝑛𝑢𝑒𝑣𝑎 𝑙𝑒𝑦” (𝑅𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑠 7,6; 2𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑠 3,6); 𝑙𝑎 𝑝𝑟𝑜ℎ𝑖𝑏𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑜́𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑜 𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑖𝑐𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑟𝑒 (1𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑢𝑒𝑙 14,32-33); 𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑑𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑜 𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑎 “𝑁𝑢𝑒𝑣𝑎 𝐴𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑧𝑎” (𝐻𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑠 10,9- 15; 𝑅𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑠 14,6; 1𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑠 8,8.10; 10,25-31; 𝐺𝑎́𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑠 5,1.18;

𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑠 2,16; 1𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑜 4,1-4; 𝑆𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜 4,12).

 

(𝘱𝘰𝘳 𝘎𝘶𝘪𝘥𝘰 𝘈𝘥𝘰𝘭𝘧𝘰 𝘙𝘰𝘫𝘢𝘴 𝘡𝘢𝘮𝘰𝘳𝘢𝘯𝘰)